Woman in Combat Essay -- essays research papers

The idea of women in combat is not unusual anymore. They should be able to hold combat positions beacause although physical strength matters, the military still needs the intelligence that women can bring. Also, banning women from the combat hurts their military careers. Although women account for only ten percent of the enlisted personnel (Time, 8/21/95/ Pg. 31), they are still a major part in the armed forces. Their performance recently has generated support from Congress and the public for enhancing the role of females in the military. During the Persian Gulf War, women were sent to the Middle East to fly helicopters, service combat jets, refuel tankers, and load laser-guided bombs. Their performance has led the world to realize that women are extremely useful in combat. Defense secretary Dick Chaney said "Women have made a major contribution to this [war] effort. We could not have won without them." Leaders in the field agreed. The Gulf War had the largest deployment of women in the armed forces in history. These women encountered the same risks as the men they served with. Twenty one females lost their lives (Holm, Women in Combat: The New Reality, pg. 67-68). In the Persian Gulf, there were no exact positions and all areas were equally vulnerable, so the idea of safe havens for women was not really applicable. By many armed forces policies, females are banned from combat jobs and units, but in the Persian Gulf War females were assigned to battleships, air...

SPR Based Fiber Optic Sensor

SPR Based Fiber Optic Sensor Utilizing Thin Film of Nickel Kruti Shah and Navneet K. Sharma Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-201307, India Corresponding author: [email  protected]ac.in Abstract. Fiber optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance, employing thin film of nickel is presented analytically. Increase in thickness of nickel film results in the enhancement of sensitivity of the sensor. SPR Sensor supported by large thickness of nickel film possesses maximum sensitivity.INTRODUCTIONSurface plasmon resonance i.e. SPR principle has been an important sensing method since last thirty years. In the beginning, chemical sensing utilizing SPR is demonstrated by Liedberg et al. [1]. Collective resonating oscillations of free electrons survive on metal layer. It produces charge density wave moving along the metal layer. This charge density wave is transverse wave in nature and is identified as surface plasmon wave. Surface plasmon wave is excited by incident p-polarized light. For examining surface plasmon resonance, Kretschmann geometry is exercised [2, 3]. Optical fiber based SPR sensors offer many advantages than prism based SPR sensors [4-6]. In the past, lot of research is conducted on optical fiber based SPR sensors [7-10]. In recent times, nickel (Ni) is shown to exhibit sensing relevance because of its excellent magneto optical merits [11]. Apart from this, Ni is chemically inactive and the cost of Ni is lower than that of noble metals. Hence, the use of Ni instead of noble metals decreases the price of SPR sensor. Current study discusses a SPR based fiber optic sensor utilizing thin film of Ni. Effect of thickness of Ni film on the sensitivity of SPR sensor is illustrated. Sensitivity is enhanced with the increase in the thickness of Ni film.THEORYSensing system of the sensor contains fiber core-Ni layer-sample medium. Plastic cladding about the core from the central part of step index multimode PCS fiber is eradicated and is covered with thin layer of Ni. This layer of Ni is ultimately enclosed by the sample medium. Incident light from a white light source is allowed to enter into one end of the optical fiber and th e transmitted light is noticed at the opposite end of the optical fiber. The core of optical fiber is formed by fused silica. Refractive index of fused silica alters with wavelength as, 23 22322 22221 22111b ab ab a) ( n? +? +? + = (1) Here, ? is the wavelength of incident light in  µm and a1, a2, a3, b1, b2 and b3 are Sellmeier coefficients. The values of coefficients, used in (1) are specified as, a1 = 0.6961663, a2 = 0.4079426, a3 = 0.8974794, b1 = 0.0684043  µm, b2 = 0.1162414  µm and b3 = 9.896161  µm [12]. The dielectric constant of a metal can be mentioned as, ) ( 1 ) (22? ? ? ? ?i ic pcmi mr m+ ? = + = (2) Where, ?p and ?c are plasma and collision wavelengths of the metal respectively. For, Ni: p?= 2.5381 x 10-7 m andc?= 2.8409 x 10-5 m. Also, the dielectric constant of sample medium is written as,2s sn =? where, sn is refractive index of the sample medium. Resonance condition for the surface plasmon wave is written as, } K Re{ sin nsp=12 (3) Here, 2 22s ms ms ms mspn nc K+ =+ =? is the wave vector of surface plasmon wave and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. Reflection coefficient of p-polarized light is calculated by using matrix method [13]. Normalized transmitted power from the sensor is computed as [14]. Further, the sensitivity of sensor can be described as change in resonance wavelength per unit change in refractive index of sample medium [15]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For simulation, refractive index of sample medium is presumed to be altered from 1.33 to 1.37. Values of various parameters used are mentioned as; fiber's numerical aperture = 0.24, core diameter of fiber = 600  µm and exposed sensing region length = 15 mm. Transmitted power from the sensor is measured for different thicknesses (20 nm-80 nm) of Ni layer and consequent resonance wavelengths are measured. Resonance wavelengths for different thicknesses increase linearly with increase in the refractive index of the sample medium. 20 40 60 80 0 15003000 4500 6000 7500Sensitivity (nm/RIU)Thickness of Ni layer (nm) FIGURE 1. Variation of sensitivity with thickness of Ni layer. Figure 1 represents the variation of sensitivity with Ni layer thickness. Ni layer thickness is increased from 20 nm to 80 nm. Sensitivity is enlarged with increase in Ni layer thickness. The reason for this enhancement in sensitivity is ascribed to high value of real part of dielectric constant of Ni. Therefore for a fixed change in refractive index of sample medium, Ni enhances the shift between resonance wavelengths. This results in enhanced sensitivity of sensor with increase in Ni layer thickness. Thus, large Ni layer thickness leads in high sensitivity of SPR based sensor.CONCLUSIONS Theoretical analysis of SPR based fiber optic sensor with thin layer of Ni is carried out. Sensitivity of SPR based sensor is enlarged with increase in Ni layer thickness. In order to achieve highest sensitivity of the sensor, large thickness of Ni layer is advised. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Navneet K. Sharma wishes to thank Defence Research ; Development Organization (DRDO), India for the financial grant provided through the project number ERIP/ER/DG-ECS/990116205/M/01/1687.REFERENCESB. Liedberg, C. Nylander and I. Sundstrom, Sens. Actuat. B 4, 299-304 (1983).R. D. Harris and J. S. Wilkinson, Sens. Actuat. B 29, 261-267 (1995).E. Kretschmann and H. Reather, Zeits. Natur. 23, 2135-2136 (1968).J. Homola, Sens. Actuat. B 29, 401-405 (1995). 5. W. B. Lin, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, A. Gagnaire and H. Gagnaire, Sens. Actuat. A 84, 198-204 (2000).A. K. Sharma and B. D. Gupta, Sens. Actuat. B 100, 423-431 (2004).S. Singh, S. K. Mishra and B. D. Gupta, Sens. Actuat. A 193, 136-140 (2013).N. K. Sharma, M. Rani, and V. Sajal, Sens. Actuat. B 188, 326-333 (2013).S. Shukla, M. Rani, N. K. Sharma and V. Sajal, Opt. 126, 4636-4639 (2015).S. Shukla, N. K. Sharma and V. Sajal, Sens. Actuat. B 206, 463-470 (2015).S. Shukla, N. K. Sharma and V. Sajal, Braz. J. Phy. 46, 288-293 (2016).A. K. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, An Introduction To Fiber Optics(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999), pp. 82-83.K. Sharma and B. D. Gupta, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 093111 (2007).B. D. Gupta, A. Sharma and C. D. Singh, Int. J. Optoelectron. 8, 409-418 (1993). 15. A. K. Sharma and B. D. Gupta, Opt. Commun. 245, 159-169 (2005).

The Importance Of Cultural History On Culture - 1294 Words

Assessing Cultural History People are born physically, socially, and culturally unaware. Instinct is an unlearned behavior that all species encounter. Humans are different than other creatures. Humans need social experiences from their culture to survive (Macionis, 2002-04). Humans are the only creatures that depend on culture instead of instinct to survive (Harris, 1987). Culture is something that has be learned. We are not born with culture, but however born into culture. We are not handed our habits and beliefs, rather they are obtained through social experiences. We learn our language, values, morals, compassions, feelings, and religion, etc. It is through interaction with other people that we learn to be members of the society.†¦show more content†¦However, there are unique aspects in the lives of Blacks that distinguishes them from American-Europeans. Even though African Americans from Western, Central, and Southern Africa have different experiences, languages, and cul tures, it was their shared enslavement that created the cultural system that was inherited from Africans to their ancestors. Family Values Prior to slavery ending, African American families were separated because parents and their children were auctioned to different slave owners and rooted in unknown geographic areas. This commonality of these families formulated strong bonds that gave them the strength to move forward. African-Americans place importance on of family and the church. There are extended family bonds with individuals such as grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins. Even those individuals who are not blood related may have a vital function in the family make-up. It is tradition to give elders of the family respect because the oldest family member suffered hardship longer than older member of the family. Grandparents, especially, grandmothers, are important in African-American families as they support the mothers and are care-givers for the children. When mothers cannot fulfill their roles, grandmothers become the primary parents of child or children. By the end of life, grandparents are cared for in the home by African AmericansShow MoreRelatedFieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesCultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs about culture during a time period and are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. 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